How to Survive Nuclear Fallout. It happened. Bright, white light flashed before your eyes, the power of the sun licked your skin, and you felt a shock wave of dust and debris plow through the city you call home. You’re one of the lucky ones, for now, but your struggle isn’t over yet—not even close. This is advice I hope you never need but should know anyway. A nuclear attack is everybody’s worst…Read more What Is Nuclear Fallout? After a nuclear bomb is detonated, residual radioactive material is propelled into the upper atmosphere. That material, usually comprised of radioactive dust and ash, then “falls out” of the sky—hence the name. The material can travel for hundreds of miles along natural wind patterns. Exposure to any type of fallout, be it debris, dust, ash, radioactive rain, or anything those materials contaminate, is extremely deadly. In the short term, exposure to fallout will cause you to become ill, suffering acute radiation syndrome. You’ll suffer rapid cellular degradation and DNA damage and, depending on the dosage, experience nausea and vomiting, adverse neurological effects, and even rapid death. In the long term, pregnant women may miscarry or bear deformed children, your risk for cancer is greatly increased, and you may die a slow, painful death. Fallout radiation does not hang around forever, though. It decays at a rapid, exponential rate, and many contaminated areas eventually become somewhat safe. Your goal post- blast is to mitigate your exposure to the fallout, find a suitable place for you and your family to hide, and create a feasible escape plan. The Initial Blast: Destruction, Burns, and Blindness. It happened. Bright, white light flashed before your eyes, the power of the sun licked your skin, and you felt a shock wave of dust and debris plow through the city. Get the latest news and analysis in the stock market today, including national and world stock market news, business news, financial news and more. Get information, facts, and pictures about Japan at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about Japan easy with credible articles from our FREE. Anyone within a few miles of the detonation will either be killed instantly or will die very quickly. The epicenter of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, for example, was estimated to be around 3. C. Body cremations are carried out in furnaces that only reach 1,2. C. A bomb coming in at 1. KT, which is roughly the size of the bombs North Korea has been testing, would level anything and anyone in a one- mile radius—and that’s one of the smaller bombs out there. According to Brooke Buddemeier at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the area between one and three miles out is considered to be the “light damage” zone. Glass will shatter, possibly injuring people, paint will peel, and thermal radiation traveling the speed of light will give exposed skin third- degree burns. At seven miles away, you’d probably get away with just first- degree burns. Even if you’re 1. And the fallout hazard area (DF zone) at least extends 1. But unlike 3.5mm headphones, which can be used with an iPhone 7 via the Apple-made dongle, there’s no way to do the reverse and get Lightning headphones to work. Edition used: Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. J.B. Bury with an Introduction by W.E.H. Lecky (New York: Fred de Fau and Co. Even more » Account Options. Sign in; Search settings. The First Hour: Find Shelter and Get Clean. Okay, so you survived the blast and you can see the telltale mushroom cloud billowing in the distance. A general rule of thumb (literally), is to hold your arm out if you see a mushroom cloud, shut one eye, and raise your thumb to it. If the cloud is bigger than your thumb you are in the radiation zone and need to either evacuate or seek shelter. You now have 1. 0 to 1. Fallout moves fast and can travel long distances, so you need to seek proper shelter immediately, especially if you are downwind from ground zero. The U. S. government lays out three key factors for finding appropriate protection and avoiding fallout: Distance: the more distance between you and the fallout particles, the better. An underground area such as a home or office building basement offers more protection than the first floor of a building. Shielding: the heavier and denser the materials - thick walls, concrete, bricks, books and earth - between you and the fallout particles, the better. Time: fallout radiation loses its intensity fairly rapidly. In time, you will be able to leave the fallout shelter. Radioactive fallout poses the greatest threat to people during the first two weeks, by which time it has declined to about 1 percent of its initial radiation level. It’s important you remember these items so you can tell whoever you’re with if you’ve been blinded. Do not try to hide in a car, a trailer, or any kind of vehicle unless you think you can drive away from the area before your 1. If you see a cloud of debris moving toward you, leave the area by a route perpendicular to the path of the fallout. If you’re near a building that can offer better shelter, and you can get there in a few minutes, do so. The further underground you can go, the better. If you can’t go underground, head to the center of the building. Once you’re inside, shut off ventilation systems and seal the doors and windows. After that’s done, you need to clean off any radioactive material that may have settled on your body. Failure to do so could lead to “beta burns” on the skin, and exposure to deadly levels of radiation. Instruct everyone who was outside to remove their clothing—at least the outer layers—place it all in a plastic bag, tie it off, then place the bag as far away from everyone as possible. If running water is available, wash your body with lots of soap, wash your hair with shampoo (no conditioner), blow your nose, wipe your eyelids and eyelashes, and wipe your ears. The goal is to remove as much radioactive material from your skin as possible. What’s your nightmare, since November 8th? Perhaps your subconscious, like mine, has reserved…Read more The First 2. Hours: Find Supplies and Hunker Down. Now that you’ve found shelter and removed any contaminates, you need to get ready for the long haul. You should expect to stay put for at least 2. Longer if you’re downwind of the blast. It could be a few days, or it could be a month. It all depends on the radiation levels in your area, which will be monitored by emergency personnel. When it’s safe for you to leave, you’ll be instructed to do. So, you’ll need supplies. First, you need to find drinkable water. Bottled water is your best bet, but if that’s not available, you’ll need to get it from taps that draw from deep wells, water tanks, or covered reservoirs. The types of wells you’d find on a farm or rural home are ideal. Keep in mind, you cannot remove radioactive elements from water through boiling or any type of disinfection. If you cannot find a clean source of water soon, you’ll have to filter some yourself. Your best bet is filtering it through a basic clean earth filter (as shown in the video above), which removes about 9. Next, you need to find an emergency radio that will allow you to listen for updates. You don’t want to be trapped in your shelter for any longer than is necessary. There’s a chance most electronics will not work due to the EMP effects of the blast, and even if they do, you’ll likely experience constant power outages, so a hand- crank emergency radio is your best bet. Make sure someone is always listening for news about what to do, where to go, and any places you should avoid. But say, as you set up your base, you see someone begin to feel nauseous and display heavy fatigue. Acute radiation sickness is setting in, and you need to help them. If Potassium Iodide (KI) is available in a nearby first- aid kit, administer it to them at the first sign of trauma. There are other ways to manage internal contamination, but Potassium Iodide tablets are the most common. If they don’t start vomiting until four hours or more after exposure, that’s a good sign. They’ll likely recover within a few days or weeks as long as they can stay inside and rest. If they start vomiting within an hour of exposure, go unconscious, or are experiencing seizures, they are in need of serious medical attention and will require aid from a professional. It’s National Preparedness Month, which means it’s time to make sure you’re ready for whatever life …Read more The First Week and Beyond Fortunately, you now have shelter and water, so you’re ready to play the waiting game. You may want to try and locate any canned or packaged foods in your vicinity (anything that didn’t come in contact with radioactive particles), but you should be fine for a while if you can’t find any. Be sure to carefully ration and share whatever you do find, however. Continue to listen to your emergency radio, keep morale up if you’re with others, and check to see if anyone with you is in need of any medications. Some people may be in shock and have forgotten. Waste management will also become an issue, whether you’re sharing a space with people or not. James Roberts and Mark Lawrence at Secrets of Survival suggesta trash can or large bucket should be designated as a toilet, and cat litter can be used to keep smells to a minimum. A little Vick’s Vapor Rub on your nostrils can block out any nasty smells as well. After the first 2. Eventually you’ll hear a message and be told to where to go, and how. For additional resources and useful print- outs, check out: I hope you never need any of this information, but it’s always better to be safe than sorry. Japan facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia. Japan. Cities of the World. COPYRIGHT 2. 00. 2 The Gale Group Inc.(including Okinawa)Major Cities: Tokyo, Yokohama, Ōsaka, Kōbe, Kyōto, Nagoya, Hiroshima, Fukuoka, Sapporo, Nagasaki. Other Cities: Chiba, Gifu, Hamamatsu, Himeji, Kagoshima, Kanazawa, Kawasaki, Kita- kyūshūu, Kumagaya, Kumamoto, Kurashiki, Miyazaki, Niigata, Nishinomiya, Okayama, Sakai, Sendai, Utsunomiya, Yokosuka. EDITOR'S NOTEThis chapter was adapted from the Department of State Post Report 2. Japan. Supplemental material has been added to increase coverage of minor cities, facts have been updated, and some material has been condensed. Readers are encouraged to visit the Department of State's web site at http: //travel. INTRODUCTIONFor a country that lived in self- imposed isolation until 1. Japan has not hesitated to make up for lost time. It is a place of ancient gods and customs but is also the cutting edge of cool modernity. High- speed trains whisk you from one end of the country to another with frightening punctuality. You can catch sight of a farmer tending his paddy field, then turn the corner and find yourself next to a neon- festooned electronic games parlor in the suburb of a sprawling metropolis. Few other countries have, in the space of mere generations, experienced so much or made such an impact. Industrialized at lightning speed, Japan shed its feudal trappings to become the most powerful country in Asia in a matter of decades. After defeat in World War II, it transformed itself to a wondereconomy, the envy of the globe. In the cities you will first be struck by the mass of people. In this mountainous country, the vast majority of the 1. Honshu. The three other main islands, running north to south, are Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu, and all are linked to Honshu by bridges and tunnels that are part of one of Japan's modern wonders—its efficient transport network of trains and highways. Outside the cities, there is a vast range of options from the wide open spaces and deep volcanic lakes of Hokkaido, blanketed by snow every winter, to the balmy subtropical islands of Okinawa. You will seldom have to travel far to catch sight of a lofty castle, ancient temple or shrine, or locals celebrating at a colorful street festival. The Japanese are inveterate travelers within their own country and there is hardly a town or village, no matter how small or plain, that does not boast some unique attraction. Rampant development and sometimes appalling pollution is difficult to square with a country also renowned for cleanliness and appreciation of nature. Part of the problem is that natural cataclysms, such as earthquakes and typhoons, regularly hit Japan, so few people expect things to last for long. And yet, time and again, Japan redeems itself with unexpectedly beautiful landscapes, charmingly courteous people, and its tangible sense of history and cherished traditions. Most intriguing of all is the opaqueness at the heart of this mysterious hidden culture that stems from a blurring of traditional boundaries between East and West. Japan is neither wholly one nor the other. MAJOR CITIESTokyo. Tokyo, the capital of Japan and one of the world's largest cities in terms of area, is at the head of Tokyo Bay on the Kanto Plain, the largest level area in the country. The city proper covers 2. The 7. 96- square- mile metropolitan area occupies sea- level stretches along. Tokyo developed originally around a feudal castle built during the 1. Toward the end of that century, a great feudal lord named Tokugawa Iyeyasu ruled this castle and the surrounding area. In 1. 60. 3, after a series of civil wars, he established himself as shogun, or military dictator, of all Japan, and administered his rule from Edo, which later was called Tokyo. Under succeeding rulers of the Tokugawa dynasty, the city grew in importance and became the leading commercial center of the area. Tokyo has been, for all practical purposes, the capital of Japan since 1. Kyōto maintained nominal authority until 1. The court moved to Tokyo, and a Western- style government was established in the late 1. Besides being the seat of government, Tokyo is the industrial, commercial, financial, communications, and educational center of Japan. It has over 7,9. 00 factories or plants with 3. It is Japan's most international city, with more than 1. Americans. Most foreign companies doing business in Japan have their headquarters here. Tokyo is a vital metropolis of striking contrasts—of confusion and calm. Business and residential properties are side by side, giving the city a patchwork- quilt impression. It has lovely parks and shrines, broad thoroughfares, modern office buildings and hotels, expressways, and department stores similar to those in other large international cities. Beyond all this, however, lies another world of narrow streets, markets, theaters, restaurants, and Japanese- style houses that make Tokyo a unique city. Utilities. Electricity in Tokyo is single phase 1. HZ) electric current. Most U. S.- manufactured appliances will operate satisfactorily as long as they will tolerate 5. Electric timing devices and clocks that are designed for standard U. S. 6. 0- cycle electric current may not operate properly on 5. Most appliances manufactured for Tokyo use require 1. Food. Most food items available in the U. S. can be obtained on the local market at higher prices. The New Sanno Hotel also has a small shoppette. Throughout the city one can conveniently locate greengrocers, convenience- type stores, and large modern supermarkets. Clothing General: Bring a four- season wardrobe for all family members. Winter clothing is advised for the cold and damp winter months. Summer in Tokyo can be very hot and humid. Raincoats and umbrellas are essential. Local department and specialty stores carry a variety of Western- style clothes and imported items from the design centers of the world for both men and women but are generally available in sizes unique to the Japanese physique and are very expensive. Excellent quality silks, woolens, and various synthetics are available. Shoes for men, women and children are available locally but it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to find the proper size. Shoe sizes are shorter and wider than in the U. S. If you need special sizes or particular brands in clothing and shoes in order to be properly fitted, bring them with you. Office dress as well as sports and casual attire follow Washington or U. S. standards. Social functions are not extremely dressy. Simple good taste is the best criterion. Men: The accepted attire for dinner parties, unless otherwise stated, is a business suit. Women: An afternoon dress, a simple long dress, or long skirt and top are suitable for the frequent cocktail parties, receptions, and buffet dinners. Formal attire is a floor- length dress. Bring at least one full skirt (either long or short) that would be appropriate for dining in Japanese restaurants or homes where guests sit on tatami mats on the floor. Children: A variety of children's clothing is available; sizes are not a big problem but prices are high. Supplies and Services. The following items are available at higher prices: toiletries for men and women, cosmetics, feminine personal supplies, tobacco items, home medicines and drugs; common household items, including minor repair materials; and entertainment supplies such as candles, napkins. All basic services- laundry, drycleaning, barber and beauty shops, shoe, and automobile repair- are available. Domestic Help. The number and type of domestics varies with the obligations and living pattern of the employee. The hourly rate for part- time domestics is approximately Y1,0. Salaries for full- time domestics vary but generally you can expect to pay $1,0. Domestics are covered by Japanese national health insurance but are not covered by unemployment insurance. Many employers assume partial obligation for doctors' bills and for the placement of a domestic in another position when they leave Japan. Those who sponsor non- Japanese domestics are responsible for assuring their departure from. Japan if not placed with a qualified sponsor. Part- time maids are available as babysitters when those services are needed. Teenagers charge from Y5. Y1,0. 00 per hour. Religious Activities. English- language services are available in the Tokyo and Yokohama areas for members of most denominations. Religions represented include Roman Catholic, Baptist, Seventh- day Adventist, Episcopal, Mormon, Christian Scientist, Lutheran, Interdenominational, Jewish, and Interdenominational Charismatic. The churches offer a variety of fellowship for all age groups and combined programs to provide services for the benefit of the foreign community in the area. Education. Tokyo has a wide selection of excellent schools that provide education comparable to that available in the best schools in the U. S. and elsewhere. The school styles range from open classroom to more structured approaches; sports, music, drama, and other outside activities are provided in varying degrees. Graduates from the schools in the area have no difficulty being accepted by the best U. S. colleges and universities. To accommodate the requirements of children with special needs, parents should be certain to communicate directly with the schools regarding individual educational needs and programs available. The school year is from September to June. It is essential to communicate with the schools as early as possible since competition for spaces is keen. Most schools begin accepting applications for the upcoming school year in November of the current year. Most of the private schools maintain waiting lists. Upon acceptance, many schools require an early commitment on the part of the family and may require a non- refundable deposit. The schools in the Tokyo area most frequently used are listed below. Each is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. A physical examination is required by most of the schools.
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